Influence of Muslim Islamic law works on early spanish and western European rulers and scholars
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This argument is based on Grotius’ acknowledgement of having been greatly influenced by one of his Spaniard predecessors, de Vitoria who himself was indebted to the prominent Spanish writers of international law that came before him such as King Alfonso X of Castle. It must however be noted that King Alfonso’s Las Siete Partidas of 1263 unequivocally, proclaims the significant influence Islamic law had on international law.
It has also been observed that the fact that most of the prominent and earliest European scholars of international law like Vitoria, Ayala, Suarez and Gentili were known to have come from those parts of Spain and Italy that had strong influence of the Islamic legal system gives more weight and credence to the possibility of Islamic law influence
Attention has been drawn to the relevant portion of King Alfonso’s Las Siete Partidas which acknowledges the influence of Islamic law by Nys while reviewing the Siete Partidas thus: “In the second Partida some chapters are given to military organisation and to war. As regards war, much is borrowed from the Etymologiae of St. Isidore of Seville . . . and in many respects the influence of Musulman law is very apparent.” See Nys, 1964, Introduction, p. 62
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract - - - - - - - 2
Acknowledgments - - - - - - - 3
Table of Contents - - - - - - - 5
Table of Cases - - - - - - - 10
Table of Treaties and Statutes - - - - - - 13
Abbreviations - - - - - - - 15
Chapter 1: Introduction 16
1.1 General Background - - - - - - 16
1.2 Research Question - - - - - - - 26
1.2.1 Whether and to What Extent Is Islamic Diplomatic Law
Compatible with International Diplomatic Law? - - - 26
1.2.2 Muslim States Practice - - - - - 30
1.2.3 The Attacks of Muslim Armed Groups on Diplomats and
Diplomatic Facilities - - - - - - 32
1.3 Theoretical Approaches to the Study - - - - 33
1.3.1 A Non-Compatibility Approach - - - - - 33
1.3.2 Compatibility Approach - - - - - - 35
1.3.3 Reconciliatory Approach - - - - - - 37
1.4 Significance of the Compatibility Approach - - - 39
1.5 Aims and Objectives of the Study - - - - 41
1.6 Methodology and Terminology - - - - - 43
1.7 Outline of Chapters - - - - - - 45
Chapter 2: Historical Overview of the Universality of
Diplomatic Practice 49
2.1 Introduction - - - - - - - 49
2.2 Defining Diplomacy and Diplomatic Law - - - 50
2.3 Diplomatic Law in Antiquity - - - - - 55
2.3.1 Diplomatic Practice in the Greek Civilisation - - - 58
2.3.2 Diplomatic Practice in the Roman Civilisation - - - 61
2.3.3 Diplomatic Practice in the Indian Civilisation - - - 65
2.3.4 Diplomatic Practice in the Chinese Civilisation - - - 67
2.3.5 Diplomatic Practice in African Civilisation - - - 72
2.3.6 Diplomatic Practice in the Islamic Civilisation - - - 77
2.3.6.1 The Islamic Connotation of ‘Safara’ - - - 77
2.3.6.2 Islamic Diplomatic Law - - - - - 78
2.3.6.3 Diplomatic Practice at the Time of Prophet Muhammad
(570-632 AD) - - - - - - 81
2.3.6.4 Diplomatic Practice: The First Four Caliphs (632-661 AD) 87
2.3.6.5 Diplomatic Practice: The Umayyad and Abbasid Period
(661-750 AD) - - - - - - 88
2.3.6.6 Diplomatic Practice: The Ottoman Era (1260-1800 AD) 92
2.4 Historical Survey of the Contribution of Islamic Law
to the Development of the International Diplomatic
Law - - - - - - - - 98
2.5 Conclusion - - - - - - - 109
Chapter 3: Sources of Islamic and International Diplomatic
Laws: Between Tension and Compatibility 110
3.1 Introduction - - - - - - 110
3.2 Sources of Islamic Diplomatic Law - - - 112
3.2.1 Islamic Law: Distinction between Shari’ah
and Fiqh (Jurisprudence) - - - - - 113
3.2.2 Definitional Connotation of ‘Sources’ in Islamic Law - 115
3.2.3 The Qur’an - - - - - - - 117
3.2.4 The Sunnah - - - - - - - 121
3.2.5 Ijtihaad: A Manifestation of Methods and Principles
of Islamic Law - - - - - - 124
3.2.6 Ijmaa’ (Consensus of Opinion) - - - - 126
3.2.7 Qiyaas (Analogical Deduction) - - - - 129
3.2.8 Istihsaan (Juristic Preference) - - - - 130
3.2.9 Maslahah (Public Interest) - - - - 132
3.2.10 ‘Urf (Prevailing Local Custom) - - - - 134
3.2.11 Consistent Practices of the Caliphs and Islamic Rulers - 136
3.3 Sources of International Diplomatic Law - - 137
3.3.1 International Customary Law - - - - 139
A. The Objective Element ‘of a General Practice’ - 141
B. The Subjective Element ‘of Accepted as Law’ - 144
3.3.2 International Treaties - - - - 146
3.3.3 General Principles of Law - - - - - 150
3.3.4 Judicial Decisions and Scholarly Writings - - 156
3.4 The Possibility of Compatibility in the Legal
Sources of International Diplomatic Law and Islamic
Diplomatic Law - - - - - - 159
3.4.1 The Analogy of International Treaty - - - 160
3.4.2 The Analogy of International Customary Law - - 164
3.4.3 The Analogy of General Principles of Law - - 165
3.5 Conclusion - - - - - - - 168
Chapter 4: A Macroscopic Overview of Diplomatic Immunity
In International Diplomatic Law and Islamic Law 170
4.1 Introduction - - - - - - 170
4.2 The Theoretical Justifications Underlying Diplomatic
Inviolability and Immunities - - - - 171
4.2.1 Diplomatic Inviolability and Immunities under
International Law - - - - - 171
A. Representative Character Theory - - - 172
B. Exterritoriality Theory: A Fictional
Justification of Immunity - - - - 175
C. Functional Necessity Theory: A Practical
Justification of Immunity - - - - 177
4.2.2 Justification for Diplomatic Immunity in Islamic
International Law (Siyar) - - - - - 180
4.3 Codification of Diplomatic Immunities and the
Protection of Diplomatic Personnel - - - 182
4.3.1 Movement in the Direction of Uniform Codification - 182
4.3.2 The Making of the 1961 Convention on Diplomatic
Relations - - - - - - - 183
4.3.3 Diplomatic Immunities According to the 1961 Vienna
Convention - - - - - - - 186
4.3.3.1 Personal Inviolability - - - - - 187
4.3.3.2 Inviolability of Mission Premises and Private Residence 190
4.3.3.3 Inviolability of the Mission’s Archives - - - 194
4.3.3.4 Freedom of Communication - - - - 195
4.3.3.5 Protection of Diplomatic Bag and Couriers - - 198
4.3.3.6 Immunity from Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction - - 201
4.3.3.7 Freedom of Movement - - - - - 205
4.3.3.8 Immunity from Taxation - - - - - 207
4.3.3.9 Exemption from Customs Duties - - - - 209
4.4 The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah (628 AD) and the
Concept of Diplomatic Immunity under Islamic Siyar - 211
4.4.1 Events Leading to the Making of the Treaty of
Hudaybiyyah - - - - - - - 212
4.4.2 The Making of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah - - 214
4.4.3 Legal Authority of Islamic Diplomatic Immunities - 217
4.4.3.1 Text from the Qur’an - - - - - 218
4.4.3.2 The Prophetic Tradition - - - - - 219
4.4.3.3 Consistent Practice of Muslim Heads of State - - 220
4.4.4 Diplomatic Immunities under the Islamic Siyar - - 221
4.4.4.1 Personal Inviolability - - - - - 221
4.4.4.2 Immunity from Court’s Jurisdiction - - - 224
4.4.4.3 Freedom of Religion - - - - - 227
4.4.4.4 Exemption from Taxation - - - - - 228
4.4.4.5 Other Privileges are Guaranteed - - - - 229
4.4.5 Complementary Role of Aman (Safe-Conduct) to
Diplomatic Immunities - - - - - 230
4.5 Conclusion - - - - - - - 236
Chapter 5: Diplomatic Immunities in Muslim States and the Islamic Law Perspective 238
5.1 Introduction - - - - - - - 238
5.2 Diplomatic and Consular Immunity under the Pakistan
Law - - - - - - - - 239
5.2.1 The Legal Efficacy of Diplomatic Immunity in Pakistan - 239
5.2.2 Diplomatic Implication of Raymond Davis’ Case - 242
5.2.3 Intervention of the Islamic Law - - - - 248
5.3 Revisiting the 1979 Iranian Hostage Case under the
Islamic International Law - - - - - 253
5.3.1 Seizure of the Embassy - - - - - 257
5.3.2 Iranian Government Endorses Students’ Action - 258
5.3.3 The Iranian Violation of International Treaties - - 261
5.3.4 Violation of Diplomatic Immunity - - - - 268
5.3.5 Basis of the Iranian Justification under the Islamic Law 273
5.3.6 The 2011 Invasion of the British High Commission
in Tehran - - - - - - - 278
5.4 The 1984 Libyan Bureau Shoot-Out: An Abuse of
Diplomatic Immunity under Islamic International Law? 281
5.5 Conclusion - - - - - - - 286
Chapter 6: Terrorist Attacks on Diplomatic
Institutions: Jihaad and Islamic Law View
Points 288
6.1 Introduction - - - - - - - 288
6.2 DefiningTerrorism - - - - - - 290
6.3 The Meaning and Legal Implication of Jihaad in Islamic
Law - - - - - - - - 294
6.3.1 Jihaad as a Defensive War - - - - 300
6.3.2 Can Jihaad be Offensive? - - - - - 304
6.3.3 Who Declares the Call for Jihaad? - - - 312
6.3.4 Civilians and Diplomatc Envoys during Jihaad - - 318
6.3.5 The Reality of the Concepts of Dar al-Islaam and
Dar al-Harb - - - - - - - 324
6.3.6 How is Terrorism Considered under the Islamic Criminal
Law - - - - - - 330
6.4 Conclusion - - - - - - - 339
Chapter Seven: Conclusion 340
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