Table of Contents
1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 1
1.1 MOTIVATION FOR RESEARCH..............................................................................2
1.2 DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED............................................................................ ..5
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION AND THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS........................10
1.4 SCOPE AND LINIITATION OF THE STUDY.......................................................16
1.5 IMPORTANCE OF THIS STUDY ............................................................17
1.6 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS...........................................................................19
2 CHAPTER TWO: SCIENCE AND RELIGION .................................................. 22
2.1 DEFINITION OF SCIENCE .................................................23
2.2 SCIENCE AND RELIGION: CONFLICT OR COLLABORATION? .................................27
2.3 SOCIO-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE RISE OF SCIENTIFIC EXEGESIS...........36
2.4 DIFFERENT VIEWS ON THE SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION OF THE QUR'AN.......39
2.4.1 The modernists ......................................................................................... 41
2.4.2 The advocates ........................................................................................... 43
2.4.3 The rejectionists ....................................................................................... 46
2.4.4 The moderates .......................................................................................... 53
2.4.5 Conclusion............................................................60
2.4.6 The presence of Apparently Unscientific Statements....................65
2.5 SCIENTIFICALLY ADVANCED PRE-ISLAMIC CIVILIZATIONS......... 73
2.5.1 Possible Channels through which Scientific Knowledge might have entered
Arabia 78
3. CHAPTER THREE: BACKGROUND OF THE HOLY QUR'AN AND THE
UNIVERSALITY OF THE QUR'ANIC MESSAGE................... 90
3.1 LAYOUT.........................................................9. 1
3.2 THE UNIVERSALITY OF THE QUR'ANIC MESSAGE: STABLE VS. DEVELOPING
MEANING .....................................................92
3.2.1 Muhkama: t and Mutasha: biha: t Verses in the Qur'an.....................93
3.3 OCCASIONS OF REVELATION AND THE UNIVERSALITY OF THE QUR'ANIC MESSAGE
............................................................1 06
3.4 THE HOLY QUR'AN AND CULTURAL DIFFERENCE.............................................111
4 CHAPTER FOUR: TRANSLATION THEORIES: TWO MAIN SCHOOLS OF
THOUGHT ................................................................................................... ..........
116
4.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................................
117
4.2 NIDA'S DYNANIIC EQUIVALENCE
.....................................................................
119
4.3 NEWMARK'S SEMANTIC TRANSLATION
............................................................
138
4.3.1 Semantic vs. Communicative Translation and Text Types
........................
140
4.3.2 Shortcomings of Communicative Translation
.......................................... 145
4.4 CONCLUSION
...................................................................................................
148
5 CHAPTER FIVE: GENERAL ISSUES
.............................................................. 151
5.1 LAYOUT
................................................... .......................................................
152
5.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF MEANING IN TRANSLATION
.............................................
153
5.3 THEORIES OF MEANING
...................................................................................
155
5.4 TYPES OF MEANING
........................................................................................
162
5.5 MEANING ON THE LEVEL OF WORD
........................ ........
167
.................................
5.6 EXPANDING WORDS' LITERAL MEANING AND A MECHANISM FOR FLUIDITY OF
MEANING
...................................................................................................................
174
5.7 WORD MEANING, SENTENCE MEANING AND TEXT MEANING
...........................
181
5.8 WORD MEANING IN AND OUT OF CONTEXT
......................................................
189
6 CHAPTER SIX: TEXT TYPOLOGY IN THE HOLY QUR'AN
...................... 193
6.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................................
194
6.2 TEXT TYPOLOGY AND TRANSLATION
...............................................................
195
6.3 APPROACHES TO TEXT TYPOLOGY
...................................................................
202
6.3.1 Texts Multifunctionality, Frame Text and Embedded Texts: Assigning the
Discussed Verses to a Particular Text Type
............................................................
212
6.3.2 Genre vs. Text Typology vs. Register
....................................................... 219
6.3.3 The Qur'anic 'signs passages' ................................................................ 227
6.4 TEXT TYPES IN THE HOLY QUR'AN VS. MODERN TEXT TYPOLOGY
....................
241
6.4.1 Makkan/Madinan Typology
....................................................................
242
6.4.1.1 Criteria for Dividing the Verses and Chapters of the Holy Qur'an into
Makkan and Madinan
.........................................................................................
243
6.4.1.2 Some Distinguishing Features of the Makkan and Madinan Chapters on
the Level of Form
...............................................................................................
245
6.4.1.2.1 Makkan Chapters
..........................................................................
246
6.4.1.2.2 Madinan Chapters
.........................................................................
247
6.4.1.3 Some of the Characteristics of Each Type on the Level of Subject Matter
248
6.4.1.3.1 Makkan Chapters
..........................................................................
248
6.4.1.3.2 Madinan Chapters
.........................................................................
249
6.4.2 Text Typology in the Holy Qur'an According to its Subject Matter.......... 250
6.4.3 Relating MakkanlMadinan Typology to Subject Matter Typology........... 255
6.5 CONCLUSION
...................................................................................................
258
CHAPTER SEVEN: TRANSLATION ANALYSIS ...........................................
261
7.1 LAYOUT
..........................................................................................................
262
7.2 VERSES RELATED TO THE CREATION OF THE UNIVERSE
....................................
263
7.2.1 (10: 5)
..................................................................................................... 264
7.2.2 (25: 61)
................................................................................................... 2 70
7.2.3 (71: 16)
................................................................................................... 2 74
7.2.4 (78: 12-13)
............................................................................................. 279
7.2.5 (21: 33)
................................................................................................... 282
72.6 (36: 40)
................................................................................................... 283
72.7 (31: 29)
................................................................................................... 289
72.8 (39: 5)
..................................................................................................... 291
7.2.9 (36: 38)
................................................................................................... 298
7.2.10 (13: 2,35: 13,39: 5)
............................................................................... 302
7.2.11 (31: 29)
................................................................................................... 304
7.2.12 (15: 19)
................................................................................................... 307
7.2.13 (50: 7)
..................................................................................................... 308
7.2.14 (16: 15)
................................................................................................... 3 09
7215 (13: 3)
..................................................................................................... 310
7.2.16 (88: 19)
................................................................................................... 315
7.2.17 (79: 32)
................................................................................................... 319
7.2.18 (78: 7)
..................................................................................................... 321
7.2.19 (27: 88)
................................................................................................... 324
7.2.20 (24: 40)
................................................................................................... 330
7.2.21 (25: 53)
................................................................................................... 337
7.2.22 (27: 61)
.................................................................................................... 338
7.2.23 (86: 11)
................................................................................................... 343
72.24 (86: 12)
................................................................................................... 349
7.2.25 (52: 6)
..................................................................................................... 353
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY
.............. 359
APPENDIX 1: VERSES DISCUSSED
........................................................................ 372
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................. 373
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